


HOUSING MINISTRY OBSERVES SERVICOM CUSTOMER SERVICE WEEK, HONOURS DEPARTMENTS, STAFF FOR SERVICE DELIVERY * Press and Public Relations Emerges Best Department in Service Delivery * Minister calls on staff to embrace culture of service excellence and accountability Ministry of Housing and Urban Development has observed the Servicom Customer Service Week for the year 2025, with the theme ‘MISSION POSSIBLE’. Part of the activities of the Customer Service Week were honours given to various departments and staff of the ministry, with the Press and Public Relations Unit bagging the ‘Best position’ award, for their dedication and service delivery in achieving the mandate of the housing sector. In his remarks, the Minister of Housing and Urban Development, Arc. Ahmed Musa Dangiwa, called on all staff and agencies under the Ministry to embrace a culture of service excellence and accountability in line with the theme for the 2025 Customer Service Week, ‘Mission: Possible’. “This theme reminds us that excellence in public service is not a luxury; it is a duty, one that is entirely achievable when we commit to doing things right, every time”, he said. The Minister commended the Department of Reform Coordination and Service Improvement for organizing the event, as well as the National SERVICOM Office for its partnership in promoting service delivery standards across government. He also congratulated all award recipients for demonstrating professionalism, empathy, and integrity in their work. “Awards and commendations matter because they signal our values, but they must go hand-in-hand with responsibility. Each awardee and indeed every public servant must carry the example forward”, he said. Highlighting the mission of the Housing Ministry, which is to build safe, decent, and affordable homes for Nigerians, upgrade slums and make the cities livable, reform land administration and ease access to housing finance; among others, Arc. Dangiwa encouraged every officer and institution under the Ministry to embrace the “Mission: Possible” mindset. “That means no more excuses and delays, let every desk in FMHUD and every counter in our agencies become a centre of Renewed Hope, where citizens leave with answers, not frustration”, he added. Accordingly, the Minister urged each department and project office to make ‘Mission: Possible’ real by adopting and displaying the published Service Charters and timelines, responding to enquiries with speed, accuracy, and empathy. He further urged them to record, track, and act on feedback, as well as convene quarterly review forums where management, staff, and citizens assess service metrics and propose improvements. Dangiwa expressed appreciation to the Permanent Secretary, for his consistent leadership and for driving the reform efforts of the Ministry with passion and purpose; as well as all the staff. Similarly, he thanked agencies of the Ministry, the Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN), Federal Housing Authority (FHA), and Family Homes Funds Limited (FHFL), for being strategic to the delivery of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s Renewed Hope Agenda for housing and urban development. “Let the Renewed Hope brand be visible not only in projects and buildings, but also in our service culture in how we respond, how we communicate, and how we solve problems”, he charged. On his part, the Permanent Secretary, Dr. Shuaib Belgore, noted that the Customer Service Week was not just a celebration but a call to action and a moment to reflect on how citizens are engaged, how their needs are responded to, and how values of transparency, accountability, and excellence are upheld in public service. “As we mark this week, let us recommit ourselves to the values that define great service: Commitment, responsiveness, and continuous improvement”, he said. In her key note address, the Head of Operations, SERVICOM, The Presidency, Mrs Ngozi Akinbodewa, commended the Ministry for organizing the event, stressing that its objective is about raising awareness internally and externally on good customer service in building loyalty and satisfaction. Mrs Akinbodewa further highlighted the importance of this year's theme: ‘MISSION POSSIBLE’, which according to her refers to "turning challenges into opportunities, enhancement of compliance, promotion of cross-disciplinary collaboration, etc." She urged staff to imbibe the qualities of the theme by demonstrating determination, teamwork, and commitment. Earlier, in her remarks, the Head of Reform and Service Improvement Department in the ministry, Mrs. Philips Ogoniba Ibifuro informed that the Customer Service Week gives an opportunity for the Management of the Ministry to recognize and encourage workers, staff and stakeholders for job well done while also providing opportunity to reflect, recognize and recommit through impacts. She brought to the fore, the mission of the Reform Coordination and Service Improvement Department to champion a culture of excellence, responsiveness and innovation across all facets of government service. Highlight of the event was the presentation of a Visionary Leader award to the Honorable Minister, as well as an award for Institutional Reform, given to the Permanent Secretary. The event also featured talks on safety rules and health.
We are on Track to Meeting Annual Target for Housing Delivery - Dangiwa Minister of Housing and Urban Development, Arc. Ahmed Musa Dangiwa has affirmed that the progress so far recorded under the Renewed Hope Cities and Estate programme alongside the housing units delivered by the agencies of the Ministry, Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria and Federal Housing Authority, shows that the Ministry is clearly on course to meet close to an annual target of 20000 housing units. Dangiwa made this affirmation during the engagement with the Special Assistant to the President on Policy and Coordination and Head of Central Results Delivery Coordination Unit (CRDCU), Hadiza Bala Usman. The engagement with CRDCU was on the 1st - 3rd Quarters 2024 Performance Assessment Report on Implementation of Presidential Priorities and Ministerial Deliverable of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development which was presented by Hadiza Bala Usman Dangiwa appreciated the continuous monitoring from the CRDCU team, saying that it has kept the Ministry at an alert and ready to deal with problems. “As your team has already seen from our first, second and third quarter reports, we have been focused and working creatively hard as a Ministry to deliver results and impacts”, he noted. The Minister informed that the Renewed Hope Cities and Estates program currently has 10, 112 housing units ongoing at 14 construction sites nationwide, which includes 3000 housing units in 12 estates at 250 units per state, under the 2023 ₦50bn supplementary budget; and 3,612 units in Karsana Renewed Hope City, aside the 1,500 units in Kano and 2000 units in Lagos State. He disclosed that President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, GCFR, would next week, December 17th and 19th respectively be officiating the groundbreaking of two additional Renewed Hope Cities in Kano and Lagos States, consisting of 2,500 units in Ibeju Lekki Lagos and 1 500 units in Kano, saying that the funding was by the FMBN and a Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement. Dangiwa also explained that the Ministry has embraced the PPP arrangement to compliment the insufficiency of funding from the budgetary allocation. Expressing concerns that the housing problems in the nation requires at least 550,000 housing units annually over the next 10 years to close the deficit, the Minister maintained optimism that the Ministry has achieved a significant progress under the Renewed Hope Agenda “The Ministry needs a bigger budgetary allocation for housing units, we have engaged the National Assembly currently and they have expressed willingness to support ₦500bn budget for the Ministry in 2025, we would like the CRDCU to also help us support and push for this course”, he said. Accordingky, he also informed the CRDCU team that the Ministry is seeking to deepen its urban development interventions, citing the assurance of the executive director of the UN-Habitat during a recent executive board meeting in Nairobi, that every money invested in the National Urban Renewal and Slum Upgrade program could leverage 3 folds through their institution partners; In his words, “we need a minimum of ₦50bn annually revolving, to drive a sustainable Slum Upgrade and Urban development which is key to Nigeria meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) 2030”. Similarly. Dangiwa informed that the Ministry's intervention in slums upgrade includes providing basic services like access roads, drainages, water, among others, to make slum areas more livable; “ We currently have over 100 projects nationwide with close to 60 already completed" he said While appreciating the Ministry's significant progress since submission of the Q 3 report, he acknowledged some challenges hindering some efforts at the Ministry to include untimely release of budgetary allocation and high cost of building materials. He further solicited the support of the CRDCU in the area of assuring early release of budgetary allocations; partnerships with the state governments, National Economic Council, the National Assembly and other key stakeholders as well as the review of the Land Use Act. In her remarks and presentation of the Q1-Q3 2024 Performance Assessment Report, the Special Adviser to the President on Policy and Coordination and Head of Central Results Delivery Coordination Unit (CRDCU), Hadiza Bala Usman, emphasized the importance of collaboration and data -driven governance, noting that effective data management is essential for validating progress and enhancing performance. She highlighted the Ministry’s High-Impact Deliverables and Indicators, developed in partnership with the CRDCU, as part of the Performance Bond signed by Ministers in November 2023, mentioning enhancing Infrastructure and Transportation as enablers of growth. Similarly, the Special Adviser listed the housing ministry's deliverables which includes; reviewing the Land Use Act in conjunction with the National Assembly and State Governments, facilitation and construction of at least 20,000 affordable housing units annually, and rehabilitating federal secretariats nationwide to improve government infrastructure. The CRDCU stressed the need for improved data management systems within the ministry, highlighting the critical role of accurate data in tracking project timelines, particularly the recommended one-year gestation period for project completion. CRDCU also recommended that the office of the Minister in conjunction with the permanent secretary take a more coordinated approach to the project management of the inter ministerial deliverables to enable rigorous approach to weekly project tracking and reporting. ...
DANGIWA SEEKS INCREASED UN-HABITAT SUPPORT FOR NIGERIA’S NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL AND SLUM UPGRADE PROGRAMME • Announces Plans for Nigeria’s First National Urban Forum Mid 2025 Nairobi, Kenya – December 5, 2024: In a bid to strengthen Nigeria’s efforts in addressing urban development challenges, the Hon. Minister of Housing and Urban Development, Arc. Ahmed Musa Dangiwa, has called for increased support and collaboration from UN-Habitat. Speaking during a working lunch with the new Executive Director of UN-Habitat, Ms. Anaclaudia Rossbach, on the sidelines of the 2nd Session of the 2024 UN-Habitat Executive Board Meeting in Nairobi, the Minister emphasized the urgency of addressing Nigeria’s housing and urban challenges. Arc. Dangiwa underscored the critical state of housing in Nigeria, noting that over 75% of the country’s 42 million housing units are substandard, with nearly half of the population living in informal settlements. To address these challenges, he highlighted the Federal Government’s National Urban Renewal and Slum Upgrade Programme (NURSUP), which has completed projects at 54 sites nationwide, with 56 additional projects underway. These efforts aim to improve essential infrastructure such as water supply, solar-powered streetlights, access roads, drainage systems, and waste management solutions. The Minister stressed the importance of robust partnerships with international organizations like UN-Habitat to scale up these initiatives. “Our collaboration with UN-Habitat is critical. With your support, we aim to expand and enhance Nigeria’s National Urban Renewal and Slum Upgrade Programme to deliver transformative outcomes for our people,” he stated. As part of Nigeria’s commitment to the global urban agenda, Arc. Dangiwa announced plans to host the country’s first National Urban Forum in June or July 2025. The forum will bring together stakeholders—including government representatives, urban planners, developers, civil society organizations, and development partners—to discuss Nigeria’s urban development strategies and align them with the New Urban Agenda (NUA). The NUA, adopted at the Habitat III Conference in 2016, is a global framework guiding urbanization toward sustainability, inclusivity, and resilience. It emphasizes equitable access to housing, infrastructure, and services while advocating for compact, well-connected urban areas to reduce sprawl and enhance mobility. The NUA prioritizes climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and participatory urban governance, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 11. Its principles are central to Nigeria's efforts under the Renewed Hope Agenda, driving sustainable housing and urban renewal. Arc. Dangiwa also highlighted Nigeria’s leadership in urban transformation, noting President Bola Ahmed Tinubu’s approval of $500,000 to support UN-Habitat. “Nigeria’s Renewed Hope Agenda aligns with the global urban agenda, and we are committed to driving meaningful change through partnerships with organizations like UN-Habitat,” said the Minister. He expressed optimism about finalizing a comprehensive partnership framework within six months, with plans to sign the agreement during the National Urban Forum. In her remarks, Ms. Rossbach praised Nigeria’s leadership role in urbanization and the Federal Government’s contributions to UN-Habitat initiatives, including $3 million toward the African Urban Agenda Programme (2013–2016). She affirmed that Nigeria remains a top priority for the agency and acknowledged the government’s active participation in global urbanization dialogues, such as WUF12 in Cairo and the inaugural Africa Urban Forum. Ms. Rossbach also highlighted UN-Habitat’s ongoing efforts to align its work plan with Nigeria’s strategic priorities, including a national urban renewal strategy and improved land administration systems. She assured the Minister of UN-Habitat’s commitment to strengthening its operations in Nigeria and maximizing the impact of the government’s $500,000 contribution. Additionally, she announced that UN-Habitat is negotiating a €10 million grant with the European Union for urban integration projects in Northern Nigeria, alongside other partnerships with the World Bank and Ekiti State for urban planning and investment. She proposed a high-level visit to Nigeria in 2025 to coincide with the launch of a large-scale urban intervention programme. “UN-Habitat assures the Honourable Minister that, in partnership with the UN Country Team, the agency is committed to supporting Nigeria in addressing its developmental and urbanization challenges sustainably. This aligns with the SDGs by facilitating better access to inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements,” she said. Arc. Dangiwa’s efforts reflect Nigeria’s dedication to leveraging its partnership with UN-Habitat to drive transformative outcomes. “Nigeria is committed to advancing sustainable urbanization and improving the lives of our citizens through robust initiatives and strategic collaborations,” said the Minister. ...
FCSSIP 25: HOUSING MINISTRY SENSITISES STAFF ON INNOVATION As part of the ongoing reforms in the Federal Civil Service, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development has successfully organized a sensitization programme on Innovation Challenge for staff of the Ministry. The training which held at the Ministry’s headquarters in Abuja, was conducted by the department of Reform Coordination and Service Improvement, a department saddled with the responsibility of coordinating Innovative Ideas and competition in the Ministry. The training was in compliance with the provisions of a recent circular from the Head of Service on the creation of Innovation Division in the MDAs. Innovation which is one of the pillars of the Federal Civil Service Strategy and Implementation Plan (FCSSIP 25), is a systematic introduction of new or significantly improved products, services, or processes, crucial for the improvement of efficiency, effectiveness, and citizen satisfaction. In her address, the Director overseeing the department, Philips Ogoniba Ibifuro informed that the aim of the sensitization programme was to prepare members of staff on how to strategize for emerging innovation technologies, and encourage participation in the upcoming innovation challenge, with an objective to identify innovative high fliers for proper engagement in the Service, as well as ensure full usage and commendations for all adopted innovative initiatives in the MDAs. She stated that the Department has always been in the forefront of driving Government reform initiatives and therefore takes inventions, new ideas and innovations seriously because of its ability to enhance efficient delivery of the mandate of the Ministry. The Director said that the Housing Ministry and its Agencies as a specialized Sector, yearly discover creative works and ideas, which sadly doesn’t receive deserved attention due to stereotypes and bureaucracy bottlenecks, hence the need for the sensitization program. She also recognized the effort of a member of staff who developed an electronic Certificate of Occupancy (e-C of O), adding that it was a tip of the creative mind sets that abound at the Ministry and are yet to be discovered. The program featured a presentation of an overview of the Federal Civil Service Strategy and Implementation Plan (FCSSIP 25) delivered by Henry Nwaedo, from the Office of the Head of Civil Service, and a lecture on ‘Strategies for Emerging Technologies with a Focus on FCSSIP25’, presented by Ojiyovwi Michael, an innovation consultant. Some proposed innovations for the Ministry emanated from the lectures includes; Capacity Building on emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cybersecurity awareness, Development Project Management (DPM) methodologies and Facility usage and management. Others are: Process and Service Delivery Re-engineering and Stakeholder Engagements on the use of technologies for citizen feedback on housing policies, as well the establishment of a contact centre with connectivity to critical departments for real time information dissemination and internal communication. In her closing remarks, the Assistant Director of the department Zainab Idris, expressed appreciation to the staff of the Ministry for gracing the sensitization program with their presence. While noting that the resource persons had shared adequate knowledge about innovation, expressing the hope that interested members of staff would participate in the upcoming innovation challenge for the betterment of the Ministry, as well as effective service delivery. ...
Remarks Of H.E Babatunde Raji Fashola SAN At The Commissioning Of FMBN-I-Connect Cooperative Housing Estate, Transekulu, Enugu, Enugu State On Tuesday 16th May 2023
Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen:
One Hundred and Fifty Units of Housing only symbolize our Government’s very deep footprint in Housing Provision in Enugu State.
These 150 Units are part of a 404 Housing Unit Provision in Enugu State all of which have been completed.
The 404 Units represent yet another part of a larger number 1,520 units in 9 projects all of which have been completed except 3 projects.
This is part of the multi-pronged response of our Government to the challenges of multi-dimensional poverty.
A total of 1,520 new home owners in one state of Nigeria deserves attention because it represents change.
This is proof that the determination to lift people out of poverty is real.
No matter the size of the challenge and the number of people involved, a commitment such as this FMBN-I-Connect housing project, that is faithfully implemented, begins to chip away, and replace problems with solutions.
A few days ago, President Muhammadu Buhari personally opened a 748-unit Housing Estate in Zuba, Federal Capital Territory.
In the weeks and months before now, Directors of the FMBN have been doing exactly the same thing in their various estates across Nigeria.
Today on behalf of the Federal Government, the train of prosperity stops in Enugu to create 404 new home owners.
To them I say congratulations and bye-bye to poverty.
But I must tell you that these are not the only beneficiaries.
Surveyors, Architects, Construction companies, their employees, artisans, suppliers, transporters and many more involved in the construction section of the economy have benefitted directly and indirectly.
In all, well over a thousand individuals and seventy different small businesses were involved here.
Indisputably, whether President Buhari meets these people or not, and it is not likely he can meet all of them, his policies, programmes and projects have met them at their point of need.
New policy reforms have also recently been implemented with regard to title documents by digitizing the Federal Lands Registry.
After scanning 50,000 files of over 2.4 million pages, the first set of e-C of Os were presented last week Friday 12th May 2023.
This is another measure of prosperity because land with title has more value than land without.
Furthermore, our processes which used to take between 30-90 days can now be completed in 24 hours if all requirements are provided.
This is also a departure from poverty if you agree that time is money.
Of course, it follows that these title documents will become documents of critical economic inclusion as collateral for access to credit by way of mortgages or other means.
These are indisputably solid building blocks of prosperity against poverty.
A lot has been done and is being done with regard to housing provision by State Governments and the Private Sector.
While that work continues, it is my pleasure to acknowledge what FMBN and their developers have done here and elsewhere and to commission this Estate.
Remarks At The Shelter Afrique 2023 42nd AGM At The Roundtable Session Of African Ministers With The Theme “The Data Question – Which Are The Real Numbers? Harmonization Of Housing Market Data In Sub-Saharan Africa”
I would like to start my intervention by acknowledging the importance of Data as a critical development and planning tool.
The use of data for planning and decision making by those with the requisite skills, capacity and rigour can lead to predictable, orderly and measurable results.
But there are caveats.
The data must be reliable. It must be collected or gathered from verifiable sources. Its integrity must be unimpeachable.
Data can be dangerous in the hands of the unskilled. I can only equate the degree of danger to leaving nuclear weapons deployment codes in the hands of an unstable person.
It puts the entire planet in peril.
This is why I am delighted to have a speaking opportunity at this most important roundtable about the data question in the Housing market in Sub-Saharan Africa.
A pleasant news in this regard is to inform you that Nigeria will very shortly be conducting a Housing and population census across the country, and with it, we hope to gather data about our people’s housing needs and use this to plan and implement policies, programmes and projects to address any verified needs.
But while this is still in the offing, my most important message to this session is this:
“Africans should stop binging on deficits.”
I say this because all too often, we seem too eager to accept, own and propagate the worst narratives about our countries and our continent, based on data whose sources or integrity are unproven.
At one time we were referred to as the “Dark Continent,” yet our human and material resources built and are sustaining some of the most prosperous societies on earth.
But we never pushed back on the inhuman economic model that created such inequality.
Instead, we seemed too anxious to please and deploy a mindset of surrender and pity.
Thankfully, that mindset is changing, and I daresay not quickly enough.
And it is in this context that I wish to address the question of housing data.
In my tenure of office as Lagos State Governor, between 2012-2015 we delivered 200 units of houses to members of the public every month, over a three-year period.
At the same time other Governors launched and successfully executed housing projects across most of our 36 states, and so did members of the private sector.
Regrettably, it seemed that nobody was ready to take account of the delivery of even 1 (ONE) unit of housing.
There was a fixation and a binge on a supposed 17 million housing deficit; and I will say a few things about that number shortly.
The point I am making here, which needs to be repeated is that by logical and accountable use of data, if there was a need of 17 million and 1 unit was provided, one would expect that the need would reduce by 1 (ONE).
Unfortunately, that was not the case. In a seeming desperation to race to the bottom, binge on the deficit and perhaps unleash a “Nuclear War on Housing” the “deficit” grew to 19 million, later to 22 million and just a few days ago to 28 million according to announcers who cannot point to a source.
All these figures without a basis.
Of course, I took the view that as Housing Minister, my success depended on working with credible data.
So I went in search of the data.
Everybody who had asserted the deficit of 17 million that I asked about the source only pointed me further ahead, almost like the search for a house without an address.
Nobody knew where it came from, but they all loved it and were ready to assert it. Indeed, I think they might have thought that something was wrong with me about finding out the truth.
Happily, the source of the “data” of a housing deficit of 17 million did not prove eternally elusive. I eventually found where it came from.
It was in the PREFACE to the 2012 National Housing Policy signed by the Minister then in charge of the Ministry of Housing, 3 (THREE) years before I took office.
I put a telephone call through to the Minister, who admitted to the preface but said it was prepared by aides and the pressure of work did not allow sufficient vetting.
Needless to say, the Minister confirmed that the Data has no verifiable basis. Therefore, I say to those who still choose to live by it, I wish them well on a journey to the unknown from an unknown destination.
To right-thinking and well-meaning people, I urge you to sensibly disown this baseless data and invite you to let us work together like rational people, using what we know while we await the results of the National Housing and Population Census for 2023.
And to the question what do we know, I say that the last time I checked with our National Bureau of Statistics, (admittedly a few years ago), there was a reliable household survey of about 35 million households in Nigeria; a household representing one family unit.
If we set that nebulous figure of 17 million housing deficit against the verifiable household data of 35 million Households, it would suggest that almost half of the population is in deficit of housing.
I leave you all to square that circle; but my view is that this offends logic and what we know.
Is there a housing deficit?
Of course, there is. I am the first to admit it.
How should we approach it?
My view is again to use what is proven, which is that globally, more people are moving towards cities in the last 50 years than at any time before in our human existence; in a trend now defined as rapid urbanization.
We also know from economic principles that when there is an increased demand for a service, commodity or product without corresponding supply, there will be shortages and price increases. This is also verifiable.
Using these verifiable principles, I submit that the housing deficit in Nigeria and most parts of the continent and the world is more pronounced in urban centres than in rural areas.
While awaiting reliable census data, my approach has been to concentrate on housing supply and construction activities in the urban centres of our states, even as I am mindful of the existence of empty houses in the same urban centres.
I know that many of those struggling for accommodation in the cities have left one form of shelter unused or under utilized in our rural areas.
I also know that housing provision must look seriously at the rental side, while trying to increase ownership.
I know that a lot more needs to be done to free up any obstacles that prevent people from renting or acquiring many empty houses that we see in our urban centres.
Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen, my thoughts are not perfect and they may not provide all the answers, but they represent my convictions about how to approach data use in solving our problems.
I hope our team of experts will move the conversation significantly forward; as I believe that we cannot afford to be less than most diligent in the execution of the 2023 National Housing and Population Census.
It should tell us many things if conducted diligently.
Thank you for listening.
MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT HAS GONE LIVE ON ECM IMPLEMENTATION
This is to inform the general public that the Ministry in compliance with the directive of Head of the Civil Service of the Federation, has gone live on ECM.
The general public is hereby informed that as from 30th of September, 2025 all correspondences with the Ministry wil be via its official email platform shown below;
hmregistry@fmhud.gov.ng (Hon Minister Registry)
hmsregistry@fmhud.gov.ng (Hon. Minister of State Registry)
psregistry@fmhud.gov.ng (Permanent Secretary Registry)
Digital Transformation via ECM makes us serve you better.
PICTURES OF THE FMHUD ONE DAY SENSITIZATION PROGRAMME ON INNOVATIVE IDEAS AND CREATIVITY FOR STAFF
Pictures of the FMHUD One day Sensitization Programme on Innovative ideas and Creativity for Staff
HOUSING MINISTRY OBSERVES SERVICOM CUSTOMER SERVICE WEEK, HONOURS DEPARTMENTS, STAFF FOR SERVICE DELIVERY
HONOURABLE MINISTER OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE PERMANENT SECRETARY